戻りTOP 、 (地之巻) 、 (水之巻) 、 (火之巻) 、 (風之巻) 、 (空之巻) 、 武蔵百科、 五輪書百科、 (五輪書解説) (English) (各資料) 宮本武蔵 (Miyamoto Musashi)出典: 百科事典
宮本 武蔵(みやもと むさし、天正12年(1584年)? - 正保2年5月19日(1645年6月13日))は、江戸時代初期の剣術家、兵法家。二刀を用いる二天一流兵法の開祖。また、重要文化財指定の水墨画や工芸品を残している。 本姓は藤原[1]、名字は宮本、または新免、通称は武蔵[2]、諱は玄信(はるのぶ)である。幼名は辨助(べんのすけ)[3]、号は二天、また二天道楽。著書『五輪書』の中では新免武蔵守・藤原玄信と名乗っている。 概要武蔵の自筆とされる有馬直純宛書状・長岡佐渡守宛書状には「宮本武蔵玄信」と記し、長岡佐渡守宛書状には「二天」の号も書いている。熊本市弓削の墓碑は「新免武蔵居士」、養子伊織が武蔵の死後9年目に建てた『新免武蔵玄信二天居士碑』[4] には「播州赤松末流新免武蔵玄信二天居士」とある。武蔵死後71年目の『本朝武芸小伝』(1716年)で「政名」なる名が紹介された。これを引用した系図や伝記、武蔵供養塔が広く紹介されたことから諱を「政名」とする武蔵の小説や紹介書が多数あるが、二天一流門弟や小倉宮本家の史料にこの「政名」は用いられていない。逆に史的信頼性が完全に否定された武蔵系図等で積極的に用いられている。 京都の兵法家吉岡一門との戦いや巌流島[5] での試合が後世、演劇、小説、様々な映像作品の題材になっている。著書である『五輪書』は日本以外にも翻訳され出版されている。国の重要文化財に指定された『鵜図』『枯木鳴鵙図』『紅梅鳩図』をはじめ『正面達磨図』『盧葉達磨図』『盧雁図屏風』『野馬図』など水墨画・鞍・木刀などの工芸品が各地の美術館に収蔵されている。 出生生年著書『五輪書』の冒頭にある記述「歳つもりて六十」に従えば、寛永20年(1643年)に数え年60歳となり、生年は天正12年(1584年)となる。 出生地著書『五輪書』に「生国播磨」の記載があり、養子・伊織が建立した『小倉碑文』、江戸中期の地誌『播磨鑑』や「泊神社棟札」等の記載による播磨生誕説と、江戸時代後期の地誌『東作誌』の美作国宮本村で生まれたという記載による美作生誕説もあり、美作生誕説は、吉川英治の小説『宮本武蔵』などに採用されたため広く知られ、岡山県および美作市(旧大原町)などは宮本武蔵生誕地として観光開発を行っている。 生年及び出生地に関する諸説江戸後期にまとめられた小倉宮本家系図(弘化3年(1846年)以前に養子伊織の子孫作成)並びに武蔵を宮本氏歴代年譜の筆頭に置く『宮本氏正統記』には天正10年(1582年)壬午の生まれ、正保2年(1645年)享年64と記されている。 武蔵の養子伊織が父の死後9年目の承応3年(1654年)に記した『新免武蔵玄信二天居士碑』(小倉碑文)によると、武蔵の実父(養父?)は赤松氏の支流新免氏[1]一族という兵法家の新免無二(無二斎)としている。江戸中期の『当理流免許』によると、同時代に活躍した当理流の宮本無二助藤原一真と同一人物とされる。武蔵の養子伊織による『泊神社棟札』にある記述[6] から、天正年間に秋月城で亡くなった新免某を無二とすれば、武蔵は無二の養子となるが、新免無二は明らかに天正年間以後も生存している[7]。 また、江戸後期にまとめられた小倉宮本家系図に、新免無二之助の養子となる旨の記述がある。[8]美作国の名家であった新免姓は無二の代から用いていたと伝えられる。『小倉宮本系図』には伊織の祖父田原家貞の次男とされているが、伊織自身による『泊神社棟札』や小倉碑文にはそのことは記されていない。また、武蔵や伊織に関する多くの記事を載せている江戸中期に平野庸脩が作成した地誌『播磨鑑』にも武蔵が田原家の出であるとはまったく触れられていない(『東作誌』等で、武蔵の父親を「平田武仁」とする説があるが武蔵の誕生(天正8年(1580年))以前に死んでいる。また、それらの史料では、他の武蔵関係の記述も他史料との整合性が全く無く、武蔵に関しての史料価値はほとんど否定されている)。 生涯『五輪書』には13歳で初めて新当流の有馬喜兵衛と決闘し勝利、16歳で但馬国の秋山という強力の兵法者に勝利、以来29歳までに60余回の勝負を行い、すべてに勝利したと記述される。 慶長5年(1600年)の関ヶ原の戦いでは父の新免無二が関ヶ原の戦い以前に東軍の黒田家に仕官していたことを証明する黒田家の文書[9] が存在することから、父と共に当時豊前を領していた黒田如水に従い東軍として九州で戦った可能性が高い(如水の息子の長政に従い関ヶ原の本戦場で黒田勢の一員として戦っていたとする説もある)[10][11]。 『五輪書』には21歳の頃に、京都で天下の兵法者[12] と数度戦ったが全てに勝利した旨の記述[13] がある。天正12年(1584年)に武蔵が生まれたと考えると慶長9年(1604年)のことになる。この内容は吉川英治「宮本武蔵」をはじめ多くの著名な文芸作品の題材とされている。 武蔵が行った勝負の中で最も広く知られているものは、俗に「巌流島の決闘」といわれるものである。これは慶長年間に豊前小倉藩領[14] の舟島[15] で、岩流なる兵法者[16] と戦ったとされるものである。この内容は江戸時代より現代に至るまで芝居、浄瑠璃、浮世絵、小説、映像作品など様々な大衆文芸作品の題材となっている。 大坂の役(慶長19年(1614年) - 元和元年(1615年))では水野勝成の客将として徳川方に参陣し、勝成の嫡子・勝重[17] 付で活躍したことが数々の資料から裏付けられている。[18] その後、姫路城主・本多忠刻と交渉を持ちながら活躍。明石では町割(都市計画)を行い、姫路・明石等の城や寺院の作庭(本松寺、円珠院、雲晴寺)を行っている。この時期、神道夢想流開祖・夢想権之助と明石[19] で試合を行ったことが伝えられている。 元和の初めの頃、水野家臣・中川志摩助の三男・三木之助を養子とし、姫路城主・本多忠刻に出仕させる。[20] 寛永元年(1624年)尾張藩に立ち寄った際、円明流を指導する。その後も尾張藩家老・寺尾直政の要請に弟子の竹村与右衛門を推薦し尾張藩に円明流が伝えられる。以後、尾張藩および近隣の美濃高須藩には複数派の円明流が興隆する。 寛永3年(1626年)播磨の地侍田原久光の次男・伊織を新たに養子とし、宮本伊織貞次として明石城主・小笠原忠真に出仕させる。[21] 寛永期、吉原遊廓[22] 開祖・庄司甚右衛門が記した『青楼年暦考』に、島原の乱出陣の際の物語[23] が語られ、直前まで江戸に滞在していたことが伝えられている。同様の内容は庄司道恕斎勝富が享保5年(1720年)に記した『洞房語園』にもあり、吉原名主の並木源左衛門・山田三之丞が宮本武蔵の弟子であった旨が記されている。これらの史料に書かれた内容は隆慶一郎などの文芸作品の題材となっている。 寛永15年(1638年)の島原の乱では、小倉城主となっていた小笠原忠真に従い伊織も出陣、武蔵も忠真の甥である中津城主・小笠原長次の後見として出陣している。乱後に延岡城主の有馬直純に宛てた武蔵の書状に一揆軍の投石によって負傷したことを伝えている[24]。また、小倉滞在中に忠真の命で宝蔵院流槍術の高田又兵衛と試合したことが伝えられている。 寛永17年(1640年)熊本城主・細川忠利に客分として招かれ熊本に移る。7人扶持18石に合力米300石が支給され、熊本城東部に隣接する千葉城に屋敷が与えられ、鷹狩り[25] が許されるなど客分としては破格の待遇で迎えられる。 同じく客分の足利義輝遺児・足利道鑑と共に忠利に従い山鹿温泉に招かれるなど重んじられている。翌年に忠利が急死したあとも2代藩主細川光尚によりこれまでと同じように毎年300石の合力米が支給され賓客として処遇された。『武公伝』は武蔵直弟子であった士水[26] の直話として、こぞって武蔵門下に入ったことを伝えている。[27] この頃余暇に製作した画や工芸などの作品が今に伝えられている。 寛永20年(1643年)熊本市近郊の金峰山にある岩戸の霊巌洞で『五輪書』の執筆を始める。また、亡くなる数日前には「自誓書」とも称される『独行道』とともに『五輪書』を兵法の弟子・寺尾孫之允に与えている。 正保2年5月19日(1645年6月13日)千葉城の屋敷で亡くなる。墓は熊本県熊本市北区龍田町弓削の武蔵塚公園内にある通称「武蔵塚」。福岡県北九州市小倉北区赤坂の手向山には、養子伊織による武蔵関係最古の記録のひとつである『新免武蔵玄信二天居士碑』、通称「小倉碑文」がある。 武蔵の兵法は、初め円明流と称したが、『五輪書』では、二刀一流、または二天一流の二つの名称が用いられ最終的には二天一流となったものと思われる。後世では武蔵流等の名称も用いられている。熊本時代の弟子に寺尾孫之允・求馬助兄弟がおり、肥後熊本藩で二天一流兵法を隆盛させた。また、孫之允の弟子の一人柴任三左衛門は福岡藩黒田家に二天一流を伝えている。 決闘伝説に関する諸説吉岡家『五輪書』には「廿一歳にして都へ上り、天下の兵法者にあひ、数度の勝負をけつすといへども、勝利を得ざるという事なし」と記述される。天正12年(1584年)に武蔵が生まれたと考えると慶長9年(1604年)のことになる。「天下の兵法者」は、『新免武蔵玄信二天居士碑』(以降、『小倉碑文』)に記された「扶桑第一之兵術吉岡」すなわち吉岡家と考えられる。 武蔵の養子伊織が承応3年(1654年)に記した『小倉碑文』の記録を要約すると以下の通り。
宮本伊織が残した『小倉碑文』などの記録は、他の史料と比べて事実誤認や武蔵顕彰の為の脚色も多く見られる。吉岡家の記述に限定すれば、武蔵に完敗し引退した清十郎、死亡した伝七郎、洛外下松の事件の記録は他の史料になく、創作の可能性がある。また、兵仗弓箭[28] で武装した数百人の武人を相手に一人で勝利するなどの記述は現実離れしている。同様に新免無二と吉岡家との足利義昭御前試合に関する逸話も他の史料になく、因縁を将軍家と絡めて描くことで物語性を高めるための創作の可能性がある。 福住道祐[29] が貞永元年(1684年)に著した『吉岡伝』に武蔵と吉岡の対決の異説が記されている。この文書には吉岡源左衛門直綱・吉岡又市直重という二人の吉岡側の人物と、松平忠直の家臣で無敵流を号し二刀の名手北陸奥羽で有名であるとの肩書きの宮本武蔵が登場する。洛外下松のくだりは記されていない。また試合内容が碑文と全く異なるため、直綱が清十郎で直重が伝七郎であると単純に対応づけすることはできない。要約すると以下の通り。
これは宮本武蔵と吉岡家が試合をし引き分けたという内容の最初の史料である。 ただし、『吉岡伝』は朝山三徳・鹿島林斎という原史料不明の武芸者と同列に宮本武蔵が語られ、前述のようにその肩書きは二刀を使うことを除き現実から乖離しており、創作の可能性がある。この史料は昭和になり司馬遼太郎が小説『真説宮本武蔵』の題材にしたことから、武蔵側の記録に対する吉岡側の記録として紹介される機会が多い。 巷間に武蔵吉岡戦を引き分けとする逸話が伝承されている。 日夏繁高が享保元年(1716年)に著した『本朝武芸小伝』には、巷間に伝わる武芸者の逸話が収録されているが、ここに武蔵と吉岡が引き分けた二つの話が記されている。 柏崎永以が1740年代に編纂した『古老茶話』も巷間の伝承を記録したものであるが、宮本武蔵と吉岡兼房の対戦が記されており、結果はやはり引き分けと記されている。 黒田藩の二天一流師範、立花峯均が享保12年(1727年)に著した武蔵の伝記『兵法大祖武州玄信公伝来』にも、吉岡家との伝承が記されている。これを要約すると以下の通り。
この文書には『小倉碑文』の全文が転記されており、碑文の内容を基に伝承を追記し、内容を発展させたものであると考えられる。[30] 細川家筆頭家老・松井氏の家臣で二天一流師範、豊田正脩が宝暦5年(1755年)に完成させた『武公伝』には、正脩の父・豊田正剛が集めた武蔵の弟子達が語った生前の武蔵に関する伝聞が記載されている。これには、道家角左衛門が生前の武蔵から度々聞いた話として、洛外下松での詳しい戦いの模様が記されている。これによると、
この説話は、武蔵が度々語ったものとして当時の細川藩の二天一流の門弟間に伝えられていた伝聞を記録したものである。 また『武公伝』に角左衛門の説話として、御謡初の夜の席での雑談で、志水伯耆から武蔵が先に清十郎から打たれたという話があるが本当か[31]、と武蔵が訊ねられ武蔵が否定する話が記述されている。『武公伝』の話に従えば、晩年の武蔵は弟子等に盛んに吉岡に勝利したことを語っていたが、武蔵の生前に巷間に「吉岡が勝利した」という異説があったと考えることができる。 『武公伝』の内容は正脩の子・豊田景英によって『二天記』に再編集され、明治42年(1909年)熊本の宮本武蔵遺蹟顕彰会編纂による『宮本武蔵』通称『顕彰会本』で『二天記』が原資料の一つとなりそのまま史実とされ、さらに吉川英治が小説『宮本武蔵』(1935年-1939年)で『顕彰会本』の内容を用いたことから現代にも広く知られるようになった。 『小倉碑文』や『兵法大祖武州玄信公伝来』『武公伝』には武蔵との戦いで吉岡家が絶えたとあるが、吉岡家がその後も存続したことは『駿河故事録』等、いくつかの史料からも推測できる。それらの史料によると、慶長19年(1614年)に禁裏での一般にも開放された猿楽興行で、吉岡清次郎重賢(建法)なる者が警護の者と諍いをおこし切り殺されるという事件がおこり、これにより兵術吉岡家は滅んだとあり、武蔵戦以降も吉岡家は存続している。 前述の『本朝武芸小伝』にも猿楽興行の異説があり、事件を起こしたのは吉岡又三郎兼房であり、所司代板倉勝重が吉岡一族を不問にしたとある[32]。この説を取るならば武蔵戦・猿楽興行事件以降も吉岡家は存続している。 『吉岡伝』にも同様の記録があり、吉岡清次郎重堅が事件を起こし、徳川家康の命により兵術指南は禁止されたが吉岡一族の断絶は免れたとある。更に翌年の大坂の役で吉岡源左衛門直綱・吉岡又市直重の兄弟が豊臣側につき大坂城に篭城、落城とともに京都の西洞院へ戻り染物を家業[33] とする事になったとあり、この説でも武蔵戦・猿楽興行事件以降も吉岡家は存続している。 各文書の比較を下に示す。
巖流島武蔵が行った試合の中で最も広く知られているものは、俗に「巖流島の決闘」といわれるものである。これは慶長年間に当時豊前小倉藩領であった舟島で、岩流[35] なる兵法者と戦ったとされるものである。 試合の行われた時期については諸説あり、定かではない。 享保12年(1727年)に丹治峯均によって記された、黒田藩の二天一流に伝わる伝記『丹治峯均筆記』では「辨之助十九歳」と記述しており、ここから計算すると慶長7年(1602年)となる。 天明2年(1782年)に丹羽信英によって記された、同じく二天一流に伝わる伝記『兵法先師伝記』では「慶長六年、先師十八歳」と記述しており、慶長6年となる。これら三説では武蔵が京に上り吉岡道場と試合をする前の十代の頃に巖流島の試合が行われたこととなる。 一方、熊本藩の二天一流に伝わる武蔵伝記、武公伝[36] では試合は慶長17年(1612年)[37] とされる。 同様に熊本藩の二天一流に伝わる武蔵伝記、二天記[38] では慶長17年(1612年)4月[39] とされる。これらの説では武蔵が京に上った後、巖流島の試合が行われたことになる。 また二天記内に試合前日に記された武蔵の書状とされる文章に4月12日と記されており、ここから一般に認知され記念日ともなっている慶長17年4月13日説となったが、他説に比して信頼性が高いという根拠はない。 この試合を記した最も古い史料は、武蔵の養子伊織による承応3年(1654年)の『新免武蔵玄信二天居士碑』(『小倉碑文』)である。 [40] 内容を現代語で要約すると以下の通り。
『小倉碑文』の次に古い記録は試合当時に門司城代であった沼田延元(寛永元年(1624年)没)の子孫が寛文12年(1672年)に編集し、近年再発見された『沼田家記』[41] がある。内容を現代語で要約すると以下の通り。
「豊後」がどこであったのかには以下の説が挙げられる。
様々な武芸者の逸話を収集した『本朝武芸小伝』(1716年)にも巖流島決闘の伝説が記されており、松平忠栄の家臣中村守和(十郎右衛門)曰くと称して、『沼田家記』の記述と同様、単独渡島の巖流に対し武蔵側が多くの仲間と共に舟島に渡っている様子が語られている。 同じ1716年の書『武将感状記』(熊沢淡庵著)では、武蔵は細川忠利に仕え京から小倉へ赴く途中、佐々木岸流から挑戦を受けたので、舟島での試合を約し、武蔵は櫂を削った二尺五寸と一尺八寸の二本の木刀で、岸流は三尺余りの太刀で戦って武蔵が勝ったとしている。 江戸時代の地理学者古川古松軒が『二天記』とほぼ同時代の1783年に『西遊雑記』という九州の紀行文を記した。ここに当時の下関で聞いたという巖流島決闘に関する民間伝承が記録されている。あくまでも試合から100年以上経った時代の民間伝承の記録であり、史料としての信頼性は低いが、近年再発見された『沼田家記』の記述に類似している。内容を現代語訳すると以下の通りである。
豊田正脩が宝暦5年(1755年)にまとめた『武公伝』には、巖流島での勝負が詳述されている。これによると
この話は、武蔵の養子伊織の出自が泥鰌捕りの童であったという話と共に、戦いの時に武蔵が島に渡るときの梢人であったとする小倉商人の村屋勘八郎なる人物が、正徳2年(1712年)に語ったものと記されている。『武公伝』で慶長17年(1612年)に行なわれたとされる巌流との戦いで梢人だった者が100年後に正脩の祖父の豊田正剛に語った話とされているのである。仮に、この勝負の内容が、事実であれば、細川家でこれだけの事件が起こったにもかかわらず、それについての記述が『武公伝』の編集当時に、細川家中や正剛・正脩の仕える松井家中になく、藩外の怪しげな人物からの伝聞しかなかったことになる。また、前述の『沼田家記』の内容とも大きく異なっている。 『武公伝』では武蔵の弟子たちが語ったとされる晩年の武蔵の逸話が多く記載されているが、岩流との勝負については、村屋勘八郎の話以外、弟子からの逸話はなく、松井家家臣の田中左太夫が幼少の頃の記憶として、松井興長に小次郎との試合を願い出た武蔵が、御家老中寄合での決定を知らず下関に渡り、勝負の後に興長に書を奉ったという短い話のみ記載されているのみである。これは、晩年の武蔵が度々吉岡との勝負を語っていたという逸話と対照的であり、『五輪書』に岩流との勝負についての記述が全くない事実を考えると晩年の武蔵は舟島での岩流との勝負について自ら語ることが殆どなかったと推測することができる。 『本朝武芸小伝』(1716年)、『兵法大祖武州玄信公伝来』(1727年)、『武公伝』(1755年に完成)等によって成長していった岩流の出自や試合の内容は、『武公伝』を再編集した『二天記』(1776年)によって、岩流の詳しい出自や氏名を佐々木小次郎としたこと、武蔵の手紙、慶長17年4月13日に試合が行われたこと、御前試合としての詳細な試合内容など、多くの史的価値が疑わしい内容によって詳述された。『二天記』が詳述した岩流との試合内容は、明治42年(1909年)熊本の宮本武蔵遺蹟顕彰会編纂による『宮本武蔵』通称『顕彰会本』で原資料の一つとなりそのまま史実とされ、さらに吉川英治が小説『宮本武蔵』(1935年-1939年)で『顕彰会本』の内容を用いたことから広く知られるようになった。 また、様々な文書で岩流を指し佐々木と呼称するようになるのは、元文2年(1737年)巖流島決闘伝説をベースとした藤川文三郎作の歌舞伎「敵討巖流島」が大阪で上演されて以降である。この作品ではそれぞれに「月本武蔵之助」「佐々木巖流」という役名がつけられ、親を殺された武蔵之助が巖流に復讐するという筋立てがつけられている。 史料を比較すると記述に以下のような差異が認められる。
民間伝承武蔵にゆかりのある土地、武道の場などで語られる事があるが、明確な根拠や史実を記したとされる史料に基づくものではない。
芸術家としての武蔵武蔵没後21年後の寛文6年(1666年)に書かれた『海上物語』に武蔵が絵を描く話が既に記されている。 『武公伝』(松井家の二天一流師範が著した武蔵伝記・宝暦5年(1755年)豊田正脩編)には、「武公平居閑静して(中略)連歌或は書画小細工等を仕て日月を過了す、故に武公作の鞍楊弓木刀連歌書画数多あり」と書かれている。 現在残る作品の大部分は晩年の作と考えられ、熊本での作品は、細川家家老で八代城主であった松井家や晩年の武蔵の世話をした寺尾求馬助信行の寺尾家を中心に残されたものが所有者を変えながら現在まで伝えられている。 水墨画については二天の号を用いたものが多い。筆致、画風や画印、署名等で真贋に対する研究もなされているが明確な結論は出されていない。 主要な画として、「鵜図」「正面達磨図」「面壁達磨図」「捫腹布袋図」「芦雁図」(以上永青文庫蔵)「芦葉達磨図」「野馬図」(以上松井文庫蔵)「枯木鳴鵙図」(和泉市久保惣記念美術館蔵)「周茂叔図」「遊鴨図」「布袋図」(以上岡山県立美術館蔵)「布袋観闘鶏図」(福岡市美術館蔵)などがある。 書としては、「長岡興長宛書状」(八代市立博物館蔵)「有馬直純宛書状」(吉川英治記念館蔵)「独行道」(熊本県立美術館蔵)「戦気」(松井文庫蔵)が真作と認められている。 伝来が確かな武蔵作の工芸品としては、黒漆塗の「鞍」、舟島での戦いに用いた木刀を模したとされる「木刀」一振。二天一流稽古用の大小一組の「木刀」が松井家に残されている。また、武蔵作とされる海鼠透鐔が島田美術館等にいくつか残されているが、武蔵の佩刀伯耆安綱に付けられていたとされる、寺尾家に伝来していた素銅製の「海鼠透鐔」(個人蔵)が熊本県文化財に指定されている。
創作への影響巌流島の戦いなど、武蔵に関わる物語は江戸時代から脚色されて歌舞伎、浄瑠璃、講談などの題材にされ、吉川英治が1930年代に朝日新聞に連載した小説『宮本武蔵』によって最強の青年剣士武蔵のイメージが一般に広く定着した。 備考松井家の二天一流師範である豊田景英が著した武蔵の伝記『二天記』には、大和国・奈良の宝蔵院流槍術の使い手奥蔵院日栄、伊賀国の鎖鎌の使い手宍戸某、江戸の柳生新陰流の大瀬戸隼人と辻風左馬助等との試合を記しているが、『二天記』の原史料である『武公伝』に記載が無く、また、他にそれを裏付ける史料が無いことから史的事実ではないと考えられている。 丹治峯均[49] が著した武蔵の伝記『兵法大祖武州玄信公伝来』によると、身長は六尺[50] 程であったと記されている。また、細川家家老で後に八代城主になった松井寄之の依頼により巌流島の試合で使用した木刀を模したと伝えられる武蔵自作の木刀が現在も残っている。ちなみに熊本県は『宮本武蔵』(1984年 NHK新大型時代劇)の放送を記念し、前記の木刀の複製を販売した。 渡辺幸庵[51] の対話集『渡辺幸庵対話』の宝永6年9月10日の対話によると、「竹村武藏[52] といふ者あり。自己に劔術を練磨して名人也。但馬にくらへ候てハ、碁にて云ハ井目も武藏強し。」「然るに第一の疵あり。洗足行水を嫌ひて、一生沐浴する事なし。外へはたしにて出、よこれ候へは是を拭せ置也。夫故衣類よこれ申故、其色目を隠す爲に天鵡織兩面の衣服を着、夫故歴々に疎して不近付。」とありここから、宮本武蔵が一生風呂に入らなかったといわれる[53]。ただし『渡辺幸庵対話』の内容には当時の世相に反する記述も多いため、実際に幸庵が語ったものかを疑問視する意見もある。(詳細は「渡辺幸庵」を参照) 円明流時代の高弟研究書
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外部リンクMiyamoto MusashiFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Miyamoto Musashi (宮本 武蔵?, c. 1584 – June 13, 1645), also known as Shinmen Takezō, Miyamoto Bennosuke or, by his Buddhist name, Niten Dōraku,[1] was an expert Japanese swordsman and rōnin. Musashi, as he was often simply known, became renowned through stories of his excellent and unique double bladed swordsmanship and undefeated record in his 60 duels (next to "only" 33 of Itō Ittōsai). He was the founder of the Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū or Niten-ryū style of swordsmanship and in his final years authored The Book of Five Rings (五輪の書 Go Rin no Sho?), a book on strategy, tactics, and philosophy that is still studied today. BiographyBirthThe details of Miyamoto Musashi's early life are difficult to verify. Musashi himself simply states in The Book of Five Rings that he was born in Harima Province.[2] Niten Ki (an early biography of Musashi) supports the theory that Musashi was born in 1584: "[He] was born in Banshū, in Tenshō 12 [1584], the Year of the Monkey."[3] The historian Kamiko Tadashi, commenting on Musashi's text, notes: "[...]Munisai was Musashi's father...he lived in Miyamoto village, in the Yoshino district [of Mimasaka Province]. Musashi was most probably born here."[4] His childhood name was Bennosuke (弁之助). Musashi gives his full name and title in The Book of Five Rings as Shinmen Musashi-no-Kami Fujiwara no Genshin (新免武蔵守藤原玄信).[5] His father, Shinmen Munisai (新免無二斎) was an accomplished martial artist and master of the sword and jutte (also jitte).[6] Munisai, in turn, was the son of Hirata Shōgen (平田将監), a vassal of Shinmen Iga no Kami, the lord of Takayama Castle in the Yoshino district of Mimasaka Province.[7] Hirata was relied upon by Lord Shinmen and so was allowed to use the Shinmen name. As for "Musashi," Musashi no Kami was a court title, making him the nominal governor of Musashi province. "Fujiwara" was the lineage from which Musashi claimed descent. Munisai and Musashi's birth dateMunisai's tomb says he died in 1580, which obviously conflicts with the accepted birth date of 1584 for Musashi. Further muddying the waters, according to the genealogy of the extant Miyamoto family, Musashi was born in 1582. Kenji Tokitsu has suggested that the accepted birth date of 1584 for Musashi is wrong, as it is primarily based on a literal reading of the introduction to the The Book of Five Rings where Musashi states that the years of his life "add up to 60" (yielding the twelfth year of the Tensho era, or 1584, when working backwards from the well-documented date of composition), when it should be taken in a more literary and imprecise sense, indicating not a specific age but merely that Musashi was in his sixties when he wrote it. Because of the uncertainty centering on Munisai (when he died, whether he was truly Musashi's father, etc.), Musashi's mother is known with even less confidence. Here are a few possibilities:
UpbringingRegardless of the truth about Musashi's ancestry, when Musashi was seven years old, the boy was raised by his uncle, Dorinbo (or Dorin), in Shoreian temple, three kilometers (~1.8 mi.) from Hirafuku. Both Dorin and Musashi's uncle by marriage, Tasumi, educated him in Buddhism and basic skills such as writing and reading. This education is possibly the basis for Yoshikawa Eiji's fictional education of Musashi by the historical Zen monk Takuan. He was apparently trained by Munisai in the sword, and in the family art of the jutte. This training did not last for a very long time, as in 1589, Munisai was ordered by Shinmen Sokan to kill Munisai's student, Honiden Gekinosuke. The Honiden family was displeased, and so Munisai was forced to move four kilometers (~2.5 mi.) away to the village of Kawakami. In 1592, Munisai died, although Tokitsu believes that the person who died at this time was really Hirata Takehito. Musashi contracted eczema in his infancy, and this adversely affected his appearance.[9] Another story claims that he never took a bath because he did not want to be surprised unarmed. While the former claim may or may not have some basis in reality, the latter seems improbable.[10] An unwashed member of the warrior caste would not have been received as a guest by such houses as Honda, Ogasawara, and Hosokawa. These and many other details are likely embellishments that were added to his legend, or misinterpretations of literature describing him. His father's fate is uncertain, but it is thought that he died at the hands of one of Musashi's later adversaries, who was punished or even killed for treating Musashi's father badly. However, there are no exact details of Musashi's life, since Musashi's only writings are those related to strategy and technique. Training in swordsmanshipThe name "Musashi" was thought to be taken from the name of a warrior monk named Musashibō Benkei who served under Minamoto no Yoshitsune, but this is unconfirmed. It is said that he may have studied at the Yoshioka-ryū school, which was also said to be the school Musashi defeated single-handedly during his later years, although this is very uncertain. He did have formal training either by his father until he was 7 years old or from his uncle beginning at the age of 7. Ultimately the name was taken from his own original kanji characters, 武蔵, which can be read as Takezō or as Musashi, as stated in Eiji Yoshikawa's book Musashi. First duel
According to the introduction of The Book of Five Rings, Musashi states that his first successful duel was at the age of thirteen, against a samurai named Arima Kihei who fought using the Kashima Shintō-ryū style, founded by Tsukahara Bokuden (b. 1489, d. 1571). The main source of the duel is the Hyoho senshi denki ("Anecdotes about the Deceased Master"). Summarized, its account goes as follows:
Travels and duelsIn 1599, three years later, Musashi left his village, apparently at the age of 15 (according to the Tosakushi, "The Registry of the Sakushu Region", although the Tanji Hokin Hikki says he was 16 years old in 1599, which agrees time-wise with the age reported in Musashi's first duel).[8] His family possessions such as furniture, weapons, genealogy, and other records were left with his sister and her husband, Hirao Yoemon. He spent his time traveling and engaging in duels, such as with an adept called Akiyama from the Tajima Province. In 1600, a war began between the Toyotomi and Tokugawa clans. Musashi apparently fought on the side of the Toyotomi's "Army of the West", as the Shinmen clan (to whom his family owed allegiance) had allied with them. Specifically, he participated in the attempt to take Fushimi castle by assault in July 1600, in the defense of the besieged Gifu Castle in August of the same year, and finally in the Battle of Sekigahara. Some doubt has been cast on this final battle, as the Hyoho senshi denki has Musashi saying he is "no lord's vassal" and refusing to fight with his father (in Lord Ukita's battalion) in the battle. Omitting the Battle of Sekigahara from the list of Musashi's battles would seem to contradict the The Book of Five Rings's statement that Musashi fought in six battles, however. Regardless, as the Toyotomi side lost, it has been suggested that Musashi fled as well and spent some time training on Mount Hiko. After the battle, Musashi disappears from the records for a while. The next mention of him has him arriving in Kyoto at the age of 20 (or 21), where he began a series of duels against the Yoshioka School. Musashi's father, Munisai, also fought against a master of the Yoshioka school and won 2 out of 3 bouts in front of the shogun at the time, Ashikaga Yoshiaki who granted him the title of "Unrivaled Under Heaven". The Yoshioka School (descended from either the Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū or the Kyo-hachi-ryū) was the foremost of the eight major schools of martial arts in Kyoto, the "Kyo-ryū" / "Schools of Kyoto". Legend has it that these eight schools were founded by eight monks taught by a legendary martial artist resident on the sacred Mount Kurama. At some point, the Yoshioka family also began to make a name for itself not merely in the art of the sword but also in the textile business and for a dye unique to them. They gave up teaching swordsmanship in 1614 when they fought in the Army of the West against Tokugawa Ieyasu in the Battle of Osaka, which they lost. But in 1604, when Musashi began duelling them, they were still preeminent. There are various accounts of the duels — the Yoshioka family documents claim that there was only one, against Yoshioka Kenpō, which Musashi won. Musashi challenged Yoshioka Seijūrō, master of the Yoshioka School, to a duel. Seijūrō accepted, and they agreed to a duel outside Rendaiji in Rakuhoku, in the northern part of Kyoto on 8 March 1604. Musashi arrived late, greatly irritating Seijūrō. They faced off, and Musashi struck a single blow, per their agreement. This blow struck Seijūrō on the left shoulder, knocking him out, and crippling his left arm. He apparently passed on the headship of the school to his equally accomplished brother, Yoshioka Denshichirō, who promptly challenged Musashi for revenge. The duel took place in Kyoto outside a temple, Sanjūsangen-dō. Denshichirō wielded a staff reinforced with steel rings (or possibly with a ball-and-chain attached), while Musashi arrived late a second time. Musashi disarmed Denshichirō and defeated him. This second victory outraged the Yoshioka family, whose head was now the 12-year-old Yoshioka Matashichiro. They assembled a force of archers, musketeers and swordsmen, and challenged Musashi to a duel outside Kyoto, near Ichijō-ji Temple. Musashi broke his previous habit of arriving late, and came to the temple hours early. Hidden, Musashi assaulted the force, killing Matashichiro, and escaping while being attacked by dozens of his victim's supporters. To escape and fight off his opponents he was forced to draw his second sword and defend himself with a sword in each hand. This was the beginning of his niten'ichi sword style. With the death of Matashichiro, this branch of the Yoshioka School was destroyed. After Musashi left Kyoto, some sources recount that he travelled to Hōzōin in Nara, to duel with and learn from the monks there, widely known as experts with lance weapons. There he settled down at Enkoji Temple in Banshū, where he taught the head monk's (one Tada Hanzaburo's) brother. Hanzaburo's grandson would found the Ensu-ryū based on the Enmei-ryū teachings and iaijutsu. From 1605 to 1612, he travelled extensively all over Japan in musha shugyō, a warrior pilgrimage during which he honed his skills with duels. He was said to have used bokken or bokuto in actual duels. Most of the engagements from these times did not try to take the opponent's life unless both agreed, but in most duels, it is known that Musashi did not care which weapon his foe used — such was his mastery. A document dated 5 September 1607, purporting to be a transmission by Miyamoto Munisai of his teachings, suggests Munisai lived at least to this date. In this year, Musashi departed Nara for Edo, during which he fought (and killed) a kusarigama practitioner named Shishido Baiken. In Edo, Musashi defeated Musō Gonnosuke, who would found an influential staff-wielding school known as Shintō Musō-ryū. Records of this first duel can be found in both the Shinto Muso-ryu tradition and the Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū (Miyamoto Musashi's school). The Shinto Muso Ryu tradition states that, after being defeated by Musashi, Muso Gonnosuke spent time developing a stick-fighting technique to counter swords and beat Musashi in a rematch. There are no current reliable sources outside the Shinto Muso Ryu tradition to confirm that this second duel took place. Musashi is said to have fought over 60 duels and was never defeated, although this is a conservative estimate, most likely not accounting for deaths by his hand in major battles. In 1611, Musashi began practicing zazen at the Myōshin-ji temple, where he met Nagaoka Sado, vassal to Hosokawa Tadaoki; Tadaoki was a powerful lord who had received the Kumamoto Domain in west-central Kyūshū after the Battle of Sekigahara. Munisai had moved to northern Kyūshū and became Tadaoki's teacher, leading to the possibility that Munisai introduced the two. Nagaoka proposed a duel with a certain adept named Sasaki Kojirō. Tokitsu believes that the duel was politically motivated, a matter of consolidating Tadaoki's control over his fief. Duel with Sasaki KojirōMain article: Sasaki Kojirō
On April 13, 1612, Musashi (about age 30) fought his duel with Sasaki Kojirō, who was known as "The Demon of the Western Provinces" and who wielded a nodachi. Musashi came late and unkempt to the appointed place — the island of Funajima, in the Kanmon Straits separating Honshū and Kyūshū. The duel was short. Musashi killed his opponent with a bokken that legend says he had carved from an oar used on the boat that carried him to the island. Musashi's late arrival is controversial. Sasaki's outraged supporters thought it was dishonorable and disrespectful, while Musashi's supporters thought it was a fair way to unnerve his opponent. Another theory is that Musashi timed the hour of his arrival to match the turning of the tide. The tide carried him to the island. After his victory, Musashi immediately jumped back in his boat and his flight from Sasaki's vengeful allies was helped by the turning of the tide. Another theory states he waited for the sun to get in the right position. After he dodged a blow, Sasaki was blinded by the sun. Musashi briefly established a fencing school that same year. ServiceIn 1614–1615, Musashi participated in the war between the Toyotomi and the Tokugawa. The war had broken out because Tokugawa Ieyasu saw the Toyotomi family as a threat to his rule of Japan; most scholars believe that, as in the previous war, Musashi fought on the Toyotomi side. Osaka Castle was the central place of battle. The first battle (the Winter Battle of Osaka; Musashi's fourth battle) ended in a truce. The second (the Summer Battle of Osaka; Musashi's fifth battle) resulted in the total defeat of Toyotomi Hideyori's Army of the West by Ieyasu's Army of the East in May 1615. Some reports go so far as to say that Musashi entered a duel with Ieyasu, but was recruited after Ieyasu sensed his defeat was at hand. This may seem unlikely since Ieyasu was in his 70s and was in poor health already, but it remains unknown how Musashi came into Ieyasu's good graces. Other claims he actually served on the Tokugawa side are unproven, although Musashi had a close relationship with some Tokugawa vassals through his duel with Sasaki Kojirō, and in the succeeding years, he did not drop out of sight as might be expected if he were being persecuted for being on the losing side. In his later years, Ogasawara and Hosokawa supported Musashi greatly — an atypical course of action for these Tokugawa loyalists, if Musashi had indeed fought on behalf of the Toyotomi. In 1615 he entered the service of Ogasawara Tadanao (小笠原忠直) of Harima Province, at Ogasawara's invitation, as a "Construction Supervisor," after previously gaining skills in craft. He helped construct Akashi Castle and in 1621 to lay out the organization of the town of Himeji. He also taught martial arts during his stay, specializing in instruction in the art of shuriken-throwing. During this period of service, he adopted a son. In 1621, Musashi defeated Miyake Gunbei and three other adepts of the Togun-ryu in front of the lord of Himeji; it was after this victory that he helped plan Himeji. Around this time, Musashi developed a number of disciples for his Enmei-ryū although he had developed the school considerably earlier; at the age of 22, Musashi had already written a scroll of Enmei-ryū teachings called "Writings on the Sword Technique of the Enmei-ryū" (Enmei-ryū kenpo sho). 円/"En" meant "circle" or "perfection"; 明/"mei" meant "light"/"clarity", and 流/"ryū" meant "school"; the name seems to have been derived from the idea of holding the two swords up in the light so as to form a circle. The school's central idea is given as training to use the twin swords of the samurai as effectively as a combination of sword and jutte. In 1622, Musashi's adoptive son, Miyamoto Mikinosuke, became a vassal to the Himeji Domain. Possibly this prompted Musashi to leave, embarking on a new series of travels, winding up in Edo in 1623, where he became friends with the Confucian scholar Hayashi Razan, who was one of the Shogun's advisors. Musashi applied to become a swordmaster to the Shogun, but as he already had two swordmasters (Ono Jiroemon Tadaaki and Yagyū Munenori — the latter also a political advisor, in addition to his position as the head of the Shogunate's secret police) Musashi's application was denied. He left Edo in the direction of Ōshū, ending up in Yamagata, where he adopted a second son, Miyamoto Iori. The two then traveled, eventually stopping in Osaka. In 1626, Miyamoto Mikinosuke, following the custom of junshi, committed seppuku because of the death of his lord. In this year, Miyamoto Iori entered Lord Ogasawara's service. Musashi's attempt to become a vassal to the lord of Owari, like other such attempts, failed. In 1627, Musashi began to travel again. In 1634 he settled in Kokura with Iori, and later entered the service of the daimyo Ogasawara Tadazane, taking a major role in the Shimabara Rebellion. Iori served with distinction in putting down the rebellion and gradually rose to the rank of karō — a position equal to a minister. Musashi, however was reputedly injured by a thrown rock while scouting in the front line, and was thus unnoticed. Later life and deathSix years later, in 1633, Musashi began staying with Hosokawa Tadatoshi, daimyo of Kumamoto Castle, who had moved to the Kumamoto fief and Kokura, to train and paint. Ironically, it was at this time that the Hosokawa lords were also the patrons of Musashi's chief rival, Sasaki Kojirō.[clarification needed] While there he engaged in very few duels; one would occur in 1634 at the arrangement of Lord Ogasawara, in which Musashi defeated a lance specialist by the name of Takada Matabei. Musashi would officially become the retainer of the Hosokowa lords of Kumamoto in 1640. The Niten Ki records "[he] received from Lord Tadatoshi: 17 retainers, a stipend of 300 koku, the rank of ōkumigashira 大組頭, and Chiba Castle in Kumamoto as his residence."[12] In the second month of 1641, Musashi wrote a work called the Hyoho Sanju Go ("Thirty-five Instructions on Strategy") for Hosokawa Tadatoshi; this work overlapped and formed the basis for the later The Book of Five Rings. This was the year that his third son, Hirao Yoemon, became Master of Arms for the Owari fief. In 1642, Musashi suffered attacks of neuralgia, foreshadowing his future ill-health. In 1643 he retired to a cave named Reigandō as a hermit to write The Book of Five Rings. He finished it in the second month of 1645. On the twelfth of the fifth month, sensing his impending death, Musashi bequeathed his worldly possessions, after giving his manuscript copy of The Book of Five Rings to the younger brother of Terao Magonojo, his closest disciple. He died in Reigandō cave around June 13, 1645 (Shōhō 3, 30th day of the 4th month). The Hyoho senshi denki described his passing:
Miyamoto Musashi was not killed in combat, he died of what is believed to be thoracic cancer,[citation needed]. He died peacefully after finishing the text Dokkōdō ("The Way of Walking Alone", or "The Way of Self-Reliance"), 21 precepts on self-discipline to guide future generations. His body was interred in armor within the village of Yuge, near the main road near Mount Iwato, facing the direction the Hosokawas would travel to Edo; his hair was buried on Mount Iwato itself. (NB - Mount Iwato is part of the Mount Kinpu range in Kumamoto and actually where Musashi wrote The Book of Five Rings in the Reigando cave. His grave is not there, but about 45 minutes away, to the east and on the other side of Kumamoto, in the Musashizuka area). Some of his remains were given to Mimasaka so that he could be buried (in part) with his parents. The Mimasaka graves are located in the precincts of Musashi Shrine. Nine years later, a major source about his life — a monument with a funereal eulogy to Musashi — was erected in Kokura by Miyamoto Iori; this monument was called the Kokura hibun. An account of Musashi's life, the Niten-ki 二天記, was published in Kumamoto in 1776, by Toyota Kagehide, based on the recollections of his grandfather Toyota Masataka, who was a second generation pupil of Musashi. TeachingsMusashi created and refined a two-sword kenjutsu technique called niten'ichi (二天一, "two heavens as one") or nitōichi (二刀一, "two swords as one") or 'Niten Ichi-ryū' (A Kongen Buddhist Sutra refers to the two heavens as the two guardians of Buddha). In this technique, the swordsman uses both a large sword, and a "companion sword" at the same time, such as a katana with a wakizashi. The two-handed movements of temple drummers may have inspired him, although it could be that the technique was forged through Musashi's combat experience. Jutte techniques were taught to him by his father — the jutte was often used in battle paired with a sword; the jutte would parry and neutralize the weapon of the enemy while the sword struck or the practitioner grappled with the enemy. Today Musashi's style of swordsmanship is known as Hyōhō Niten Ichi-ryū.[citation needed] Musashi was also an expert in throwing weapons. He frequently threw his short sword, and Kenji Tokitsu believes that shuriken methods for the wakizashi were the Niten Ichi Ryu's secret techniques.[13] Musashi spent many years studying Buddhism and swordsmanship. He was an accomplished artist, sculptor, and calligrapher. Records also show that he had architectural skills. Also, he seems to have had a rather straightforward approach to combat, with no additional frills or aesthetic considerations. This was probably due to his real-life combat experience; although in his later life, Musashi followed the more artistic side of bushidō. He made various Zen brush paintings, calligraphy, and sculpted wood and metal. Even in The Book of Five Rings he emphasizes that samurai should understand other professions as well. It should be understood that Musashi's writings were very ambiguous, and translating them into English makes them even more so; that is why so many different translations of the The Book of Five Rings can be found. To gain further insight into Musashi's principles and personality, one could read his other works, such as Dokkodo and Hyoho Shiji ni Kajo. TimelineThe following timeline follows, in chronological order (of which is based on the most accurate and most widely accepted information), the life of Miyamoto Musashi.[citation needed]
PhilosophyIn Musashi's last book, The Book of Five Rings (五輪書 Go Rin no Sho?), Musashi seems to take a very philosophical approach to looking at the "craft of war": "There are five ways in which men pass through life: as gentlemen, warriors, farmers, artisans and merchants." Throughout the book, Musashi implies that the way of the Warrior, as well as the meaning of a "true strategist" is that of somebody who has made mastery of many art forms away from that of the sword, such as tea drinking (sado), laboring, writing, and painting, as Musashi practiced throughout his life. Musashi was hailed as an extraordinary sumi-e artist in the use of ink monochrome as depicted in two such paintings: "Shrike Perched in a Dead Tree" (Koboku Meigekizu, 枯木鳴鵙図) and "Wild Geese Among Reeds" (Rozanzu, 魯山図). Going back to the Book of Five Rings, Musashi talks deeply about the ways of Buddhism. He makes particular note of artisans and foremen. When he wrote the book, the majority of houses in Japan were made of wood. In the use of building a house, foremen have to employ strategy based upon the skill and ability of their workers. In comparison to warriors and soldiers, Musashi notes the ways in which the artisans thrive through events; the ruin of houses, the splendor of houses, the style of the house, the tradition and name or origins of a house. These too, are similar to the events which are seen to have warriors and soldiers thrive; the rise and fall of prefectures, countries and other such events are what make uses for warriors, as well as the literal comparisons of the: "The carpenter uses a master plan of the building, and the way of strategy is similar in that there is a plan of campaign". Way of strategyThroughout the book, The Book of Five Rings, the idea which Musashi pushes is that the "way of the strategist" (Heihō 兵法) is similar to how a carpenter and his tools are mutually inclusive: a carpenter can do nothing without his tools and vice versa. That too, he compares to skill and tactical ability in the field of battle. Initially, Musashi notes that throughout China and Japan, there are many "sword fencers" who walk around claiming they are strategists, but are, in fact, not, which may be because Musashi had defeated some such strategists, such as Arima Kihei. The idea is that by reading his writings, one can become a true strategist from ability and tactical skill that Musashi had learned in his lifetime. He argues that strategy and virtue are something that can be earned by knowing the ways of life, the professions around, and perhaps to learn the skills and knowledge of people and the skills of their particular professions. However, Musashi seems to state that the value of strategy seems to be homogeneous:
As well as noting that strategy is destined to die;
As a form, strategy was said to be one of "Ten Abilities and Seven Arts" that a warrior should have, but Musashi disagrees that one person can gain strategy by being confined to one particular style, which seems particularly fitting as he admits "I practice many arts and abilities — all things with no teacher" — this perhaps being one of the reasons he was so highly regarded a swordsman. Musashi's metaphor for strategy is that of the bulb and the flower, similar to Western philosophy of "the chicken or the egg", the "bulb" being the student, the "flower" being the technique. He also notes that most places seem to be mostly concerned with their technique and its beauty. Musashi writes, "In this kind of way of strategy, both those teaching and those learning the way are concerned with coloring and showing off their technique, trying to hasten the bloom of the flower" (as opposed to the actual harmony between strategy and skill). With those who are concerned with becoming masters of strategy, Musashi points out that as a carpenter becomes better with his tools and is able to craft things with more expert measure, so too can a warrior or strategist become more skilled in his technique. However, just as a carpenter needs to be able to use his tools according to plans, so too must a strategist be able to adapt his style or technique to the required strategy of the battle he is currently engaged in. This description also draws parallels between the weapons of a trooper (or soldier) and the tools of a carpenter; the idea of "the right tool for the right job" seems to be implied a lot throughout The Book of Five Rings. Musashi also puts into motion the idea that when a carpenter is skilled enough in aspects of his job,l and creates them with expert measure, then he can become a foreman. Although it is not expressly mentioned, it may be seen that Musashi indicated that when one learned the areas in which your craft requires (carpentry, farming, fine art or battle) and is able to apply them to any given situation, one is experienced enough to show others wisdom, as foreman of craftsmen or as a general of an army. From further reading into the book, the idea of "weapons within strategy" as well as Musashi referring to the power of the writer may seem that the strategy that Musashi refers to does not exclusively reside within the domain of weaponry and duels, but within the realm of war and battles with many men:
Ni-Ten Ichi RyuWithin the book, Musashi mentions that the use of two swords within strategy is mutually beneficial to those who use the skill for individual duels or large engagements. The idea of using two hands for a sword is an idea that Musashi opposes because there is no fluidity in movement with two hands: "If you hold a sword with both hands, it is difficult to wield it freely to left and right, so my method is to carry the sword in one hand." He also disagrees with the idea of using a sword with two hands on a horse and/or riding on unstable terrain, such as muddy swamps, rice fields, or within crowds of people. To learn the strategy of Ni-Ten Ichi Ryu, Musashi employs that by training with two long swords, one in each hand, one will be able to overcome the cumbersome nature of using a sword in both hands. Although it is difficult, Musashi agrees that there are times in which the long sword must be used with two hands, but one whose skill is good enough should not need it. The idea of using two long swords starting with something new and difficult but will adapt to after much use. After using two long swords proficiently enough, mastery of a long sword, and a "companion sword", most likely a wakizashi, will be much increased: "When you become used to wielding the long sword, you will gain the power of the Way and wield the sword well." In short, it could be seen, from the excerpts from The Book of Five Rings, that real strategy behind Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu, is that there is no real iron-clad method, path, or type of weaponry specific to the style of Ni-Ten No Ichi Ryu:
Long swordThe strategy of the long sword is different from other strategies in that it is much more straightforward. In the strategy of the longsword, it seems that Musashi's ideal was that by mastering gripping the sword, it could become a platform used for moving onto the mastery of Ni-Ten Ichi Ryu as well as being able to use two broadswords or use a companion sword better. Musashi often use the term "two fingers" to describe the way to hold the long sword. That does not mean he actually taught the grip with only two fingers. In "The Water Book" he notes:
However, just because the grip is to be light, it does not mean that the attack or slash from the sword will be weak. As with any other technique in the Ni-Ten Ichi Ryu:
As with most disciplines in martial arts, Musashi notes that the movement of the sword after the cut is made must not be superfluous; instead of quickly returning to a stance or position, one should allow the sword to come to the end of its path from the force used. Thus, the technique becomes freely flowing, not abrupt. Musashi also discouraged the use of only one sword for fighting and the use of overlarge swords like nodachi because they were cumbersome and unwieldy. ReligionEven from a late age, Musashi separated his religion from his involvement in swordsmanship. Excerpts such as the one below, from The Book of Five Rings, demonstrate a philosophy that is thought to have stayed with him throughout his life:
However, the belief that Musashi disliked Shinto is inaccurate, as he criticises the Shintō-ryū style of swordsmanship, not Shinto, the religion. In Musashi's Dokkōdō, his stance on religion is further elucidated: "Respect Buddha and the gods without counting on their help."[15] Musashi as an artistIn his later years, Musashi said in his The Book of Five Rings: "When I apply the principle of strategy to the ways of different arts and crafts, I no longer have need for a teacher in any domain." He proved this by creating recognized masterpieces of calligraphy and classic ink painting. His paintings are characterized by skilled use of ink washes and an economy of brush stroke. He especially mastered the "broken ink" school of landscapes, applying it to other subjects, such as his Kobokumeikakuzu ("Shrike Perched on a Withered Branch"; part of a triptych whose other two members were "Hotei Walking" and "Sparrow on Bamboo"), his Hotei Watching a Cockfight, and his Rozanzu ("Wild Geese Among Reeds"). In popular cultureFor more details on this topic, see Miyamoto Musashi in fiction.
Even in Musashi's time there were fictional texts resembling comic books. It is therefore quite difficult to separate fact from fiction when discussing his life. There have been numerous works of fiction made about or featuring Musashi. Eiji Yoshikawa's novelization (originally a 1930s daily newspaper serial) has greatly influenced successive fictional depictions (including the manga Vagabond by Takehiko Inoue) and is often mistaken for a factual account of Musashi's life. A more authentic manga, The Book of Five Rings: A Graphic Novel, came out in late 2012 from writer Sean Michael Wilson and Japanese artist Chie Kutsuwada. It is based on research and translations by William Scott Wilson. A story about Musashi encountering another samurai at opposite ends of a narrow bridge features as a motif in the 1984-85, six-issue Kitty Pryde and Wolverine X-Men spinoff series. Musashi is a prominent character in Michael Scott's series The Secrets of the Immortal Nicholas Flamel. An immortal human, he is first referenced in the fourth book, The Necromancer, and is a good friend of Aoife, a warrior woman from Irish mythology, who he eventually marries in the series's epilogue. There are also several dozen films, including several with the title of Miyamoto Musashi. One of these, released in the English-speaking world as Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto, is a film by Hiroshi Inagaki, the first of the Samurai Trilogy starring Toshiro Mifune. The British Heavy Metal Band Iron Maiden sings about Musashi in the song "Sun And Steel" featured on their fourth album, Piece of Mind. The Warlords of HSM-51, a United States Navy helicopter squadron, use a stylized picture of Musashi as their squadron logo. In February 2013, Musashi appears in the Image Comics series Five Ghosts, written by Frank J. Barbiere with art by Chris Mooneyham. Musashi appears as a spirit who gives his skills to treasure hunter Fabian Gray. Musashi gives his skills along with four other spirits of unique talents, among them Merlin, Robin Hood, Sherlock Holmes and Count Dracula.[16] Bibliography
See also
References
Further readingFiction
Children's Books
Essays
Testimony
External links
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